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Portfolio

  • Bapsi Sidhwa a Parsee writer



    Bapsi sidwa as Parsee writer being biased or not:

    She comes from a Parsee background and thus is indifferent between religious differences. She tries to stay neutral and leaves the ultimate decision pending to the reader instead of forcing it on the reader. But one can say that Bapsi is somehow biased towards her community throughout partition we discover that Parsi Community keeps itself neutral towards the violence and later becomes the ‘masiha’ of the victims. Lenny’s mother goes within the nights to assist the Hindus and therefore the Sikhs to flee from the mass-killing. Godmother helps Shanta to travel back to Amritsar to her family. Hence, where the Muslims, the Sikhs, and therefore the Hindus are struggling for the facility, the Parsis are struggling for existence and are neutral towards all of the communities and in addition to it, they assist them in their needs. In an interview, Bapsi was asked that did your Parsee identity had some influence on your identity as a writer. She replied to them that how can someone cut herself together with her background. My community features a role in making my thoughts, ideas, beliefs.
    Biasness on behalf oh the writer’s community confirms the tag the autobiography of the novel.

    Therefore, Bapsi Sidhwa’s first-hand experience, observations, beliefs, and arguments are presented within the novel through the words of an innocent child narrator. Though the author herself says Lenny isn't herself, one feels as if the narrator Lenny was the author herself narrating the entire story of the partition. the author experienced the trauma as a Parsee child born and mentioned in Pakistan so she presents the trauma from Pakistan’s point of view. She reproduces the experiences and events during a manner that creates the reader feel an equivalent, though the 21-century readers might not have witnessed the events themselves. Through the realistic description of a fictionalized story of partition, readers are made to feel as if they were present at the time of partition to witness the event and trauma. The novel is often considered truly autobiographical, depicting the historical incident fictionalized and colored by the writer's reflections, opinions, beliefs, feelings, emotions, and imaginations.

  • ICE CANDY MAN novel by Bapsi Sidhwa



    Similarities in Experiences of writer and narrator:

    Use of the first-person narrator:

     The first person narration technique used by the author in the novel makes readers feel as if they were reading an autobiography of the writer. There are quite a few evidence to consider Lenny as the portrayal of the writer herself. Lenny, being a child of a Parsee family, roams freely through the Sikh, Muslim, Hindu, and Parsee society of her environs in Lahore and observes everything and reports everything with a child’s natural innocence.
    The writer uses an immature child as a narrator to add more authenticity to the reporting of the events. As the narrator is stricken by polio in infancy she is receiving private schooling at home like the author and remaining always present at almost all places to witness every incident. Like Sidhwa, Lenny has to undergo a series of operations during her childhood.
    In the novel Dr. Col. is not in favor of her schooling which reminds readers of doctor’s advice given to the writer’s parents not to burden Bapsi Sidhwa with the school. Further, the writer seems to be claiming truth in her story by the reference of truth inflected tongue of the narrator. Once Lenny says, “I am tempted to tell her the truth. My wretched truth inflected tongue just in time.”

     The kidnapping of Ayah:

     Like other incidents, the kidnapping of Ayah in the novel “Ice Candyman” resembles the incident in Bapsi Sidwa’s own life. Recalling the nightmarish experience of those days, Sidhwa tells Feroza Jussawalla:
    When I was a child living in Lahore at the time of partition, my maiden name was Bhandara, which sounded like a Hindu name. After most of the riots were over, a gang of looters came in carts into our house thinking it is an abandoned house. They were quite shocked to see us and my mother and everybody there. At that time our Muslim cook came and said, what do you damn people think you are doing? “This is a Parsee household”, and they said, “We thought it was a Hindu household” and they went away. I decided to write a story about partition because this scene was vivid in my mind.

    Refugees Camps: 

     Further, the description of the refugee camp Courtyard of Recovered Women near Lenny’s house is a fine blend of fact and fiction. Lenny’s beloved Ayah is restored to this camp and many other people familiar to Lenny and her family also joined the camp after becoming victims of the chaos of the partition.“There was a rehabilitation camp with many of these women adjacent to Sidhwa's house, and she states that she was inexplicably fascinated with these "fallen women," as they were described to her at the time.” The author has fictionalized her childhood observations of the refugee camps to manifest the cost that women had to pay for partition.

    Burning Lahore incident by writer:

      Sidhwa gives descriptions of burning Lahore in the novel that she witnessed during her childhood. “The flame covers two or three brick buildings in the bazaar and it’s hard to put out the fire. People are pouring into the lanes from their houses and shops. After a while, a fire brigade wan arrives. Instead of water, they pour fuel on the entire rows of the buildings on both sides of the street which ignites in an incredible large destructive fire. People are running here and there and sometimes they disappear in the smoke. Her home city of Lahore became a border city in Pakistan and was crowded by thousands of refugees.
    The writer writes about her childhood, the ominous roar of distant mobs was a constant of my awareness, alerting me, even at age seven, to an intense sense of the evil that was taking place in various parts of Lahore.

    Gunny-sack incident:

     The incident of the gunny-sack also a true case which was witnessed in real by the author mat Ali is walking on the Warriors road, on the way they find a bulging gunny-sack in which was found the Masseur dead. People’s attitude towards the dead body has been described in the following heart touching words. “People gather around them, some concerned, some curious. But they look at Masseur as if he is not a person. He isn’t. He has been reduced to a body. A thing. One side of his handsome face already buried in the dusty sidewalk.

    Gandhijee character description by Bapsi sidhwa:

      In the novel, Sidhwa presents her own opinions and beliefs about the personalities and characters of Gandhi, Nehru, and Jinnah though the brief portrayal of their character in the novel narrated by Lenny. In the novel, the author gives the description of the event when Gandhijee comes to Lahore wherein the author has focused more on Gandhijee's advice related to dieting and enema. Here it seems the author has portrayed the character of Gandhijee focusing on very few traits of his personality. Gandhiji has been depicted having feminine characteristics and the description sometimes appears to be laughing at the personality and character of Gandhijee. When Gandhijee visits Lahore, Lenny and her mother meet Gandhijee. He is knitting surrounded by women and he advises Lenny to practice enema. The narrator has been shown by the author wondering in the following words, "I am puzzled why he's so famous.

    Bapsi sidhwa’s beliefs about partition:

     The writer clearly mentions that during division Muslims and Pakistan have suffered. The British government has done injustice to Jinnah and favored Nehru. Here the writer puts forth her own belief about the division. The writer has compared Nehru with Jinnah. In comparison, she criticizes Nehru and favors Jinnah. The writer shows Nehru as Lady Mountbatten’s lover. The writer wants to convey that in the allotment of areas at the time of partition British and Nehru took the benefit of Jinnah’s good character and personality and did injustice to him.

  • Bapsi Sidhwa and cultural differences in her writings



    Bapsi Sidwa’s novels provide a wide glimpse of the contemporary political situations and cultural life in the subcontinent. Her novel “Ice-candy man” clearly depicts that she had been a part of cultural multiplicity in the subcontinent. In the novel, she introduced herself as a little girl “Lenny” who was not mature by her age but still sensible enough to catch the whole plight of people belonging to subcontinent into her never-fading memories, not just at an interval level but also at an external point of life. She was accompanied by the people who belonged to different religions and they let her know about the changing circumstances of the subcontinent. In her novel, she has discussed different cultures. Through the depiction of the culture, she makes the reader clear to acknowledge the cultural harmony, cultural hybridization and cultural relativism that existed in the subcontinent at the time of partition. Through the way she highlighted the living style of people, one can interpret that she has also shown the element of cultural ethnocentrism.
    Bapsi Sidhwa spotted the various elements of the culture in her novel. She herself belonged to the Parsee community, which was among the minor religions of the subcontinent. The different cultural elements like symbols, language, customs, traditions, food, festivals, etc of the people belonging to different communities provide us with the cultural differences in the novel.

    CULTURAL DIFFERENCES

     Bapsi Sidhwa gives a number of references on cultural differences; on the other hand, she depicts the cultural harmony and the similarities of the culture among the various communities of the subcontinent. The cultural harmony is highlighted by how different communities used to gather in the park and gossiped. At the very start of the novel, Lenny presents the picture of the people who were seen commenting and flirting with Ayah, those people who belonged to different religions but their behavior was inclined toward homogenized culture. She also represented the harmony of culture in the village life also, when Lenny visited the village” Pir pindo” she described the way Muslims and Sikhs gathered to listen to the radio at Chaudhry’s place. The homogenized culture can also be seen when Lenny says Salaam-alekum Khan Sahib! Though Lenny belongs to the Parsee community but the way she greeted Sharbat khan represents the amalgam and mixture of two cultures. In contrary to this cultural differences among different communities can be drawn through the following elements of culture

  • Romanticism my field of Interest


     Nature is a healer for those who know the importance of it, but nowadays few people truly appreciate its beauty and think in that way, the competition among the competitors have started a race among the folks, no one has got enough time to take a deep breath calm oneself down and look back and analyze the things, the search for peace has been misinterpreted because it is something you cannot attain by wishing and searching for it but by finding within yourself. Romantics answer this by connecting us within the source that is nature.  
    While discussing this particular age, it started in 1798-1830 and ended in 1832 when Walter Scott died. They were the influencers of the French Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, urbanization, civilization, realism, naturalism, mysticism, humanism, imaginations and many other major incidents that occurred during that era.
     Romantics got popularity especially for the poetry that produced and caught the attention of readers as it did to myself. The suffering, hardships, sorrows, storms, barrenness, hollowness, through the use of natural imagery, is best portrayed by Romantics and as a result, increased their followers. Romantics clear illustration can be seen in Words Worth Poems like “The Thorn” and “The Old Beggar”, the corruption, hypocrisy, individualism, societal problems can be seen in both poems. Wordsworth has given a true picture and has created a connection between words and the world, the suffering of Maratha Ray in Thorn not only tells us about her journey but also how she healed herself, for her nature served as a protector, rejection from society does not bother her at all, but still, she is being noticed by people even though lacking interest in her surroundings but to her, it remained unnoticed because her inner was satisfied by taking a shield of nature. So, the comparison is drawn among society and the natural world through the use of natural imagery.
    Another the well-known poet Coleridge; working with Wordsworth wrote Lyrical Ballads, also put his step forward and the poems that he wrote attained the readership, one of the famous Poems that leads him towards the peak was Kubla Khan passing through the centuries, it is as alive as it was before. The natural flow in his poems creates a visionary world within the reader’s mind, the dream is depicted in a real way, agreeing upon his philosophy because it is a way better than Words worth as he says your inner effects outer. Wordsworth and Coleridge appear to be two different points connecting with one bridge and that is the bridge of Nature. Even though the difference in their psychology is there but the focus is the same, that is the reason their worth cannot be denied, Subjectivity always remains that is the essence of human beings. And I appreciate this thing because it welcomes my thoughts in this as well.
    Connection of Man with nature is not as much stronger as it was before, The Universe that it contains only recognized by those who have got natural spirit and vision. The natural scenery is lacking due to industrialization, village life that has been replaced by city life, natural scenery replacing artificiality, emotions with firmness, subjectivity with Objectivity, is opposite as it appears in Romantic area but when you read these poems you feel the same as portrayed and you appeal for the same beauty, as Keats adds, ‘’Truth is beauty and beauty is Truth’’. The main reason why I become the admirer of Romantics was their creativity that dragged and pushed me not to go anywhere.

    The soul of a man is in Nature, the essence is impossible without your soul, to enlighten yourself, one has to go through sufferings and feel the subjectivity and come out of numbers, just like humans that do not lie in figures, the stillness of the heart is the stillness of the mind, chirping of a bird is not only a sound but an alarm to wake up from the dreams and make your return to your roots, as John Keats in his poem “The Nightingale” admires the song, and want to infuse and go within his world because to him it is soothing and serving as opium to his sufferings.

    Imagination, fantasy, creativity, intuition has never betrayed a man at the same time, they act as a suggestion to seek out a right path because your Inner self is a universe that is connected with the Supreme power and by following your Intuition unknown paths uncover. And all these qualities have intrigued me as well.

    Man the soul is connected with nature but Man has lost the soul but nature still contains that, by disconnecting departing ourselves with it, man is in state of lamentation, this scenario can be best seen in Wordsworth Poem ‘’ Lines written in Early Spring’’ in which he discusses man versus nature and what man has done to his self.

    To see the sweetness and to realize it one has to see beyond the bounds imposed by our rational mind and which is what Romantics agree upon, the “Infinity”, the universe and boundary that a man searching for springs from his source. By connecting to our Core we can find anything that we are looking for. Man becomes alive in this way, by going back again to his Universe. So, by reading this genre, its poetry, we can sketch out and draw a contrast and can relate to ourselves.

  • Polysemy


    3.     
          Polysemy
    Richards and Schmidt (2002, p.406) define Polysemy as “word having two or more closely related meanings.”  One word having two distinct but related meaning is polysemy.
    For example:
    شاندار                         یہ عمارت بہت شاندار ہے
    شاندار      آج کھلاڑیوں نے بہت شاندار کھیل کھیلا۔

    In this example, in first sentence the word is used in terms of “beauty/elegant”, while the same word in the second sentence is used by the native speakers in terms of “good”.
    چلو    =            چلو ٹھیک ہے   
    چلو    =   چلو لاہور چلتے ہیں۔
    Here in this example the first sentence is used by the people of Urdu language to say “it’s fine”, while in the second sentence the same word is used to say “let’s go”.

  • Homonymy, Homophony and Homograph with Urdu Examples



    1.      Homonymy:
    “Words which are written in the same way and sound alike but which have different meanings.” Richards and Schmidt (2002, p.241). The words that have the same sound and different spelling and gives different meaning is a homophone. And the words that have the same sound, same spelling but the different meaning is a homograph. Those words which have the same phonological form are called homophony and those which have the same orthographical structure are called homograph.
    For example:
    1.Homophony:
    The words that have the same sound and different spelling and gives a different meaning is homophone. For example:
    سدا  (ہمیشہ)                                      سدا خوش رہو             
    صدا  (آواز)                               فقیر نے صدا دی            
                The first one means "always", while the second word used is "to address or to call
    ابد  (ہمیشہ)                          تا ابد سلامت رہو               
    عبد (بندہ)              حقوق و العباد کا خاص خیال رکھیں۔         
              
     
          الیم (دکھ)       قیامت کے روز گنہگاروں کو عذاب الیم ہو گا           
    علیم (جاننے والا)              اللہ علیم ہے۔              
                  

    عام            میں ایک عام آدم ہوں ۔             (common)
                آم (پھل                               میں نے آم کھایا۔


    میرے حلق میں درد ہے۔       حلق  (گلا)          
    خلق                خدارہ خلق خدا پر رحم کرو          

                In the last example of homophony the first word here means “throat” while in the second sentence the word means “people”. These are the examples of homophony taken from Urdu language.
    2.Homograph:
    The words that have the same sound, same spelling but the different meaning is a homograph. For example:
    سہر (صبح)     میں سہر کے اوقات میں ورزش کرتا ہوں۔          
    اسے دیکھ کے میں سہر میں مبتلا ہو گیا۔       سہر  (جادو)    
           
    الم  (جھنڈا)                          اسلام کا الم بلند رکھو۔           
    الم  (دکھ، رنج)          اس کی جدائ میرے لیۓ المناک ثابت ہوئ۔       
           
     قلم                                (یہ میرا قلم ہے)            
             قلم      (بادشاہ نے سر قلم کرنے کا حکم دیا۔)           

         بند (close)               (یہ دروازہ صبح بند ہو گا۔)           
    بند (bank)                (دریا کا بند ٹوٹ گیا۔)             
    The words used in sentences here are homographs.

  • Hyponymy with Urdu Examples






    Hyponymy
    According to Richards and Schmidt (2002, p.243), hyponymy is “a relationship between two words, in which the meaning of one of the words includes the meaning of the other words.” Hyponymy deals with the relationship of inclusion.
    For instance, tulip and rose are hyponyms of a flower. “خرگوش” (rabbit) is a part of جانور (animal), so here (rabbit) is the hyponymy of (animal).
    پھول:       گلاب     موتیا     چمبیلی
    جانور:  گاۓ    چیتا     بکری
    These all are hyponyms of flowers and animals respectively.

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