Polysemy
Showing posts with label definition. Show all posts
Showing posts with label definition. Show all posts
3.
Polysemy
Polysemy
Richards
and Schmidt (2002, p.406) define Polysemy as “word having two or more closely
related meanings.” One word having
two distinct but related meaning is polysemy.
For example:
شاندار یہ عمارت بہت شاندار ہے
شاندار آج
کھلاڑیوں نے بہت شاندار کھیل کھیلا۔
In this example, in first sentence the word is used in
terms of “beauty/elegant”, while the same word in the second sentence is used
by the native speakers in terms of “good”.
چلو = چلو ٹھیک ہے
چلو = چلو لاہور چلتے ہیں۔
Here in this example
the first sentence is used by the people of Urdu language to say “it’s fine”,
while in the second sentence the same word is used to say “let’s go”.
1.
Homonymy:
“Words
which are written in the same way and sound alike but which have different
meanings.” Richards and Schmidt (2002, p.241). The words that have the same sound
and different spelling and gives different meaning is a homophone. And the words
that have the same sound, same spelling but the different meaning is a homograph. Those words which have the same phonological form are called homophony and those which
have the same orthographical structure are called homograph.
For
example:
1.Homophony:
The
words that have the same sound and different spelling and gives a different meaning
is homophone. For example:
سدا (ہمیشہ) سدا
خوش رہو
صدا (آواز) فقیر نے صدا دی
The first one means
"always", while the second word used is "to address or to call
ابد (ہمیشہ) تا ابد
سلامت رہو
عبد (بندہ) حقوق و العباد
کا خاص خیال رکھیں۔
الیم (دکھ) قیامت کے روز گنہگاروں کو عذاب الیم ہو گا
علیم (جاننے والا) اللہ علیم ہے۔
عام میں ایک عام آدم ہوں ۔ (common)
آم (پھل میں نے آم کھایا۔
میرے حلق میں
درد ہے۔ حلق (گلا)
خلق خدارہ خلق خدا
پر رحم کرو
In the last
example of homophony the first word here means “throat” while in the second
sentence the word means “people”. These are the examples of homophony taken
from Urdu language.
2.Homograph:
The
words that have the same sound, same spelling but the different meaning is a homograph.
For example:
سہر (صبح) میں
سہر کے اوقات میں ورزش کرتا ہوں۔
اسے دیکھ کے
میں سہر میں مبتلا ہو گیا۔ سہر
(جادو)
الم (جھنڈا) اسلام
کا الم بلند رکھو۔
الم (دکھ، رنج) اس کی جدائ
میرے لیۓ المناک ثابت ہوئ۔
قلم (یہ میرا قلم
ہے)
قلم (بادشاہ نے سر قلم کرنے کا حکم دیا۔)
بند (close) (یہ دروازہ صبح بند ہو گا۔)
بند (bank) (دریا کا
بند ٹوٹ گیا۔)
The words used in sentences
here are homographs.
Hyponymy
According
to Richards and Schmidt (2002, p.243), hyponymy is “a relationship between two
words, in which the meaning of one of the words includes the meaning of the other words.” Hyponymy deals with the relationship of inclusion.
For instance, tulip and rose are hyponyms of a flower. “خرگوش”
(rabbit) is a part of جانور (animal), so here
(rabbit) is the hyponymy of (animal).
پھول: گلاب موتیا
چمبیلی
جانور: گاۓ چیتا بکری
These all are hyponyms of flowers and animals
respectively.
Synonymy
Richards
and Schmidt (2002, p.533) defines synonymy as “a word which has the same
sense, or nearly the same as another word”. Synonyms can be defined as
words that are different in sound and spelling but are same
in meaning.
Examples
from the Urdu language:
/دکھ 'رنج
درخت / پیڑ
وقت / ساعت
مسرت/ خوشی
توک/ بھروسہ
/خاوند،میاں/شوہر
Here in this example all words are identical to each other which shares the same meaning i.e sadness and these words are synonyms to each other. Similarly, the Urdu words used to call father are
/ والدابو,
these words are also synonymy




